Tài liệu Ancient Civilizations Biographies pptx

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Advisory Board ix
Reader’s Guide xi
Words to Know xiii
Timeline xix
Biographies
Akhenaton 1
Alexander the Great 8
Aristotle 15
Asoka 24
Marcus Aurelius 30
Boadicea 38
Buddha 45
Julius Caesar 52
Cleopatra 60
Confucius 68
Constantine 76
vii
Contents
Akhenaton attempted to
completely reshape
Egyptian religion.
(Reproduced by permission.
Corbis-Bettmann.)
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David 83
Hannibal 90
Hatshepsut 97
Herodotus 104
Imhotep 111
Jesus Christ 117
Moses 123
Nebuchadnezzar II 131
Paul 138
Pericles 144
Piankhi 151
Plato 157
Sargon of Akkad 164
Scientists and Mathematicians 169
Sculptors 177
Ch’in Shih Huang Ti 183
Vergil 189
Wu Ti 196
Xerxes 202
Index xxxix
viii Ancient Civilizations: Biographies
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S
pecial thanks are due to U•X•L’s Ancient Civilizations Ref-
erence Library advisors for their invaluable comments and
suggestions:
• Jonathan Betz-Zall, Children’s Librarian, Sno-Isle Regional
Library, Edmonds, Washington
• Nancy Guidry, Young Adult Librarian, Santa Monica Pub-
lic Library, Santa Monica, California
• Karen Shugrue, Junior High Media Specialist, Agawam
Junior High School, Feeding Hills, Massachusetts.
ix
Advisory Board
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A
ncient Civilizations: Biographies presents the life stories of
thirty-eight individuals who had a great influence on the
ancient civilization in which they lived. The biographies span
from the beginning of Sumerian civilization in 3500 B.C. to
the decline of the Teotihuacán around A.D. 750. Well-known
historical figures, such as Greek philosopher Aristotle and Per-
sian emperor Xerxes, are featured, as well as lesser-known fig-
ures, such as Celtic queen Boadicea and Egyptian ruler Hat-
shepsut. More than 50 black-and-white illustrations and
photographs enliven the text, while cross references provide
easy access to related figures. Sidebars in every entry focus on
high-interest topics, and a “For More Information” section
guides the researcher to other reference sources. Ancient Civi-
lizations: Biographies also features a glossary of terms used
throughout the volumes, a timeline containing significant
milestones within the lives of the individuals profiled, and an
index covering the people, places, and events discussed
throughout Ancient Civilizations: Biographies.
xi
Reader’s Guide
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Comments and Suggestions
We welcome your comments on Ancient Civilizations:
Biographies, as well as your suggestions for persons to be fea-
tured in future editions. Please write, Editors, Ancient Civiliza-
tions: Biographies, U•X•L, 27500 Drake Rd., Farmington Hills,
Michigan, 48331-3535; call toll-free: 1-800-877-4253; fax to
(248) 699-8097; or send e-mail via-http://www.galegroup.com.
xii Ancient Civilizations: Biographies
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A
Acropolis: An elevated fortress in Greek cities.
Ancestor: An earlier person in one’s line of parentage, usually
more distant in time than a grandparent.
Anoint: To pour oil over someone’s head as a symbol that God
has chosen that person to fill a position of leadership.
Apostle: A religious figure who is sent out to teach, preach,
and perform miracles.
Archaeology: The scientific study of past civilizations.
Architect: Someone who designs a building or other structure.
Aristocrat: A very wealthy and/or powerful person.
Assassination: Killing, usually of an important leader, for
political reasons.
B
Baptism: To be lowered into water as a symbol of death and
rebirth.
xiii
Words to Know
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Bureaucracy: A network of officials who run a government.
Bust: A sculpture of a human head, neck, and shoulders.
C
Caravan: A company of travelers, usually with pack animals,
through a desert or other forbidding region.
Caste system: A system of ranking people into very social
groups, which prevailed in India from ancient times to
the modern day.
Census: A count of the people living in a country.
Civil servant: Someone who works for the government.
Civil war: A military conflict that occurs when a group of cit-
izens within a nation attempts to break away from the
rule of the government.
Commoner: Someone who is not a member of a royal or noble
class.
Concubine: A woman whose role toward a man is like that of
a wife, but without the social and legal status of a wife.
Constitution: A set of written laws governing a nation.
Contemporary (n.): Someone who lives at the same time as
another person.
Cremation: The burning, as opposed to burial, of a dead body.
Crucifixion: A Roman punishment in which the victim was
nailed up to a cross until he died.
Cult: A small religious group, most often with highly unusual
beliefs.
D
Deify: To turn someone or something into a god.
Deity: A god.
Democracy: A form of government in which the people, usu-
ally through elected representatives, rule.
Descendant: Someone who is related to an earlier person, or
ancestor.
Disciple: A close follower of a religious teacher.
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E
Edict: A command.
Epic: A long poem that recounts the adventures of a legendary
hero.
Epistle: A letter.
Eunuch: A man who has been castrated, thus making him
incapable of sex or sexual desire.
F
Famine: A period when there is not enough food in a region
to feed all its people.
Fasting: Deliberately going without food, often but not always
for religious reasons.
G
Gentile: Someone who is not a Jew.
H
Hellenic: Greek.
Hellenistic: Influenced by Greece.
Heresy: Something that goes against established religious doc-
trine.
Hoplite: A heavily armed foot soldier.
I
Islam: A faith that arose in Arabia in the 600s A.D., led by the
prophet Muhammad (A.D. 570?–632.)
L
Legacy: Something that is left to a later generation.
Legitimacy: The right of a ruler to hold power.
xvWords to Know
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M
Martyr: Somebody who dies for their faith.
Medieval: Relating to the Middle Ages.
Mercenary: A professional soldier who will fight for whoever
pays him.
Middle Ages: The period from the fall of the Roman Empire
to the beginning of the Renaissance, roughly 500 to
1500
A.D.
Middle Class: A group in between the rich and the poor, or the
rich and the working class.
Millennium: A period of a thousand years.
Mint (v.): To produce currency.
Missionary: Someone who goes to other lands to convert oth-
ers to their religion.
Moat: A trench, filled with water, which surrounds a castle or
city.
Monarch: A king.
Monotheism: Belief in one god.
Muslim: A believer in Islam.
N
Noble: A ruler within a kingdom who has an inherited title
and lands, but who is less powerful than the king or
queen.
O
Obelisk: A tall, free-standing column of stone.
Oligarchy: A government ruled by a few people.
P
Pagan: Someone who worships many gods; also used as an
adjective.
Papyrus: A type of reed from which the Egyptians made the
first type of “paper.”
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Peasant: A farmer who works a small plot of land.
Phalanx: A column of hoplites designed for offensive warfare.
Pharisee: A member of a group of Jewish religious scholars
who demanded strict adherence to religious law.
Philosophy: A discipline which seeks to reach a general under-
standing of values and of reality.
Plague: A disease or other disaster that spreads among a group
of people.
Proportion: The size of one thing in relation to something else,
and the proper representation of their relationship.
R
Rabbi: A Jewish teacher or priest.
Radical (adj.): Thorough or sweeping changes in society; used
as an noun for a person who advocates such changes.
Regent: Someone who governs a country when the monarch
is too young, too old, or too sick to lead.
Reincarnation: The idea that people are reborn on earth, and
live and die, again and again.
Relief: In sculpture, a carved picture, distinguished from regu-
lar sculpture because it is two-dimensional.
Renaissance: A period of renewed interest in learning and the
arts which began in Europe in the 1300s and contin-
ued to the 1700s.
Revolution: In politics, an armed uprising against the rulers of
a nation or area.
S
Sack (v.): To destroy a city.
Satrap: A governor in the Persian Empire.
Scribe: A small and very powerful group in ancient society
who knew how to read and write.
Siege: A sustained military attack against a city.
xviiWords to Know
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